[23] In 1949, a Russian publication discussed the finding that vinyl chloride caused liver injury among workers. EC Number 200-831-0. Uninhibited vinyl chloride may be stored either under refrigeration or at normal atmospheric temperature in the absence of air or sunlight but only for a duration of a few days. Vinyl chloride is also known as chloroethene, chloroethylene, and ethylene monochloride. Midland Michigan. History. VCM will react with iron and steel in the presence of moisture. Vinyl chloride can have acute dermal and ocular effects. Linear Formula H 2 C=CHCl . It has higher tensile strength and modulus than flexible PVC, but has low impact toughness, and is subject to stress cracking depending on the environment. The US OSHA limits vinyl chloride exposure of workers to no more than 1 ppm for eight hours or 5 ppm for 15 minutes. Viola, P L. "Carcinogenic Effect of Vinyl Chloride" Presented at the Tenth International Cancer Congress. It is produced by breaking down other gasses and chemicals, which creates a colorless gas (at room temperature) with a sweet-smelling, mild odor. It is primarily used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a very stable, non-flammable, lightweight and durable plastic. Dow Plastics vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride, Saran™, is usually supplied as a white, free flowing powder. Ethylene is made from ethane by cracking ethane and then ethylene is used for production of vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride is a chemical intermediate, not a final product. [24] In 1954, B.F. Goodrich Chemical stated that vinyl chloride caused liver injury upon short-term exposures. Updates? Science (2017). Supplement 7, 1987. Some processes use an absorber-stripper system to separate HCl from the chlorinated hydrocarbons, while other processes use a refrigerated continuous distillation system. Often, the storage containers for the product vinyl chloride are high capacity spheres. Almost nothing was known about its long-term effects. [19] RADS (Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome) may be caused by acute exposure to vinyl chloride.[20]. 2nd edition. The hepatotoxicity of vinyl chloride has long been established since the 1930s when the PVC industry was just in its infant stages. [27] In 1968, Mutchler and Kramer, two Dow researchers, reported their finding that exposures as low as 300 ppm caused liver damage in vinyl chloride workers thus confirming earlier animal data in humans. VCM is among the top twenty largest petrochemicals (petroleum-derived chemicals) in world production. [6] Vinyl chloride was briefly used as an inhalational anaesthetic, in a similar vein to ethyl chloride, though its toxicity forced this practice to be abandoned. Generally, uPVC can be used at temperatures up to 60°C. In practice, the yield for EDC conversion is relatively low (50 to 60 percent). "Vinyl chloride." Vinyl chloride is the starting material for the production of polyvinyl chloride, used in the fabrication of products such as PVC pipe. The risk of subsequent explosion or fire is significant. Processes based on acetylene were developed in the 1930s and are more direct, but because acetylene is much more expensive than ethylene, these processes are used far less than ethylene-based ones. Viola, P.L. Vinyl chloride is an intermediate in the production of PVC plastic used in a wide range of products including pipes, wire and cable coatings, packaging materials, upholstery for automobiles and furniture, wall and floor coverings, flooring, backing for carpet, house wares, automotive parts, medical devices, and children’s toys. Molecular Weight 62.50 . Today, vinyl chloride is most commonly used to make a polymer called polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Higher than normal levels of vinyl chloride may be present inside new … The plumbing in your house is probably PVC pipe, unless it's an older house. It does not occur naturally and must be produced industrially for its commercial uses. Vinyl chloride that is released by industries or formed by the breakdown of other chlorinated chemicals can enter the air and drinking water supplies. It is flammable, emitting hydrogen chloride. When vinyl chloride producers shifted to using the thermal cracking of EDC described above, some used byproduct HCl in conjunction with a colocated acetylene-based unit. Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is used almost exclusively in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacture. Because of its low boiling point, liquid VCM will undergo flash evaporation (i.e., autorefrigerate) upon its release to atmospheric pressure. Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS) (1993). [2], Vinyl chloride can also be obtained as a byproduct in the synthesis of chlorofluorocarbons when saturated chlorofluorocarbons are catalytically dechlorinated by ethylene. manufacture is hazardous....various changes were found in bone and liver. [3] Vinyl chloride is a gas with a sweet odor. Vinyl chloride is also produced as a combustion product in … Product purity and yields are generally very high. "Chemical Hazard Evaluation and Communication Group, Biomedical and Environmental Information Analysis Section, Health and Safety Research Division. Ethylene, ethyl chloride, and 1,2-dichloroethane are obtained as major byproducts. VCM is among the top twenty largest petrochemicals (petroleum-derived chemicals) in world production. Several inches of empty space separate the inside sphere from the outside sphere. Omissions? The direct feed of ethane to vinyl chloride plants could thus considerably decrease the raw material costs and make the plants less dependent on cracker capacity. Vol 19, 1979. Forms explosive polymeric peroxides in contact with air (in the presence of any of a variety of catalysts) [Bretherick 1979. p. 164]. The Dow Chemical Company. WHO Regional Office for Europe. Dermal exposure effects are thickening of skin, edema, decreased elasticity, local frostbites, blistering, and irritation. [1] Es ist die Grundsubstanz zur Herstellung von Polyvinylchlorid (PVC). "Working Conditions and Measures for Their Improvement in Production and Use of Vinylchloride Plastics" (1949). In contrast to ethylene, which easily undergoes chlorine addition, ethane must first be functionalized by substitution reactions, which gives rise to a variety of consecutive and side-chain reactions. The equipment used for VCM transport is specially designed to be impact and corrosion resistant.[14]. Houston, Texas. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). TOXBASE®. Beilstein/REAXYS Number 1731576 . Vinyl chloride ≥99.5% Synonym: Chloroethylene CAS Number 75-01-4. 91. However, the first effective industrial process was based on the hydrochlorination of acetylene. Lyon. Until 1974, vinyl chloride was used in aerosol spray propellant. Vinyl chloride can cause liver damage, and it is classified as a known human carcinogen. UK Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and Environment Agency (EA) (2004). The United States currently remains the largest VCM manufacturing region because of its low-production-co… Due to the hazardous nature of vinyl chloride to human health there are no end products that use vinyl chloride in its monomer form. Decreased male libido, spontaneous abortion, and birth defects are known major reproductive defects associated with vinyl chloride. • Liquid vinyl chloride evaporates easily. Associate Professor of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Vinyl chloride is a colorless organic gas with a sweet odor, and is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and vinyl products (1, 2). Cluj, Romania. [19][21] Vinyl chloride is a Group 1 human carcinogen posing elevated risks of rare angiosarcoma, brain and lung tumors, and malignant haematopoeitic lymphatic tumors. [26] Also in 1963, a Romanian researcher published findings of liver disease in vinyl chloride workers. Approximately 98% of vinyl chloride monomer produced is used to produce polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Economical, versatile polyvinyl chloride (PVC, or vinyl) is used in a variety of applications in the building and construction, health care, electronics, automobile and other sectors, in products ranging from piping and siding, blood bags and tubing, to wire and cable insulation, windshield system components and … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. What is vinyl chloride? It is volatile, so the primary exposure is via inhalation as against food or water with occupational hazards being highest. Rigid vinyl, also known as unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC), is a strong and lightweight film. While this method was widely used during the 1930s and 1940s in the West, it has since been superseded by more economical processes based on ethylene in the United States and Europe. Viola's findings in 1970 were a "red flag" to B.F. Goodrich and the industry. Public Health Reports. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2006). …suspension, and emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer, using free-radical initiators. On standing VCM can form peroxides, which may then explode. PVDC has … An aerobic enrichment culture was developed by using vinyl chloride (VC) as the sole organic carbon and electron donor source. Processes based on acetylene were developed in the 1930s and are more direct, but because acetylene is much more expensive than ethylene, these processes are used far less than ethylene-based ones. Vinyl chloride is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The reaction must, therefore, be kinetically controlled in order to obtain a maximal vinyl chloride yield. Copenhagen. The product is a geminal dihalide (both halogens are bonded to the same carbon).…. [31], In the late 1960s, the cancers that all of these studies warned of finally manifested themselves in workers. [22] Chronic exposure leads to common forms of respiratory failure (emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis) and focused hepatotoxicity (hepatomegaly, hepatic fibrosis). [18] The intensity of symptoms varies from acute (1,000-8,000 ppm), including dizziness, nausea, visual disturbances, headache, and ataxia, to chronic (above 12,000 ppm), including narcotic effect, cardiac arrhythmias, and fatal respiratory failure. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) resin, the structure of which is shown in Fig. When treated with certain catalysts, vinyl chloride monomers undergo polymerization and form the larger compound known as polyvinyl chloride, or PVC. MDL number MFCD00040415. Vinyl chloride has also been used in the past as a refrigerant. The conversion of ethane to vinyl chloride can be performed by various routes:[12]. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. But there's more to PVC than just pipe. This colorless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Particularly, much more attention should be drawn to liver changes. HPA Report Version 1. Vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen that causes a rare cancer of the liver. If for longer periods, regular checks should be made for the presence of polymers. Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. Lester, D. et al. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. PVC is used in a variety of applications. Long storage in contact with air increases the concentration of the polyperoxides to hazardous levels [MCA Case History 1551. "Clinical Manifestations in Vinyl Chloride Poisoning" Clinic of Professional Diseases. Klaus Weissermel, Hans-Jürgen Arpe in "Industrial organic chemistry", "Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Vinyl Chloride"1988. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. [33], According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "vinyl chloride emissions from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ethylene dichloride (EDC), and vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) plants cause or contribute to air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to result in an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness. 1969. It is highly toxic, flammable, and carcinogenic. The thermal cracking reaction is highly endothermic, and is generally carried out in a fired heater. In light of the finding of liver damage in rats from just 4–10 ppm of vinyl chloride exposure, Viola added that he "should like some precautions to be taken in the manufacturing plants polymerizing vinyl chloride, such as a reduction of the threshold limit value of monomer …"[29], In 1970, Viola reported that test animals exposed to 30,000 ppm of vinyl chloride developed cancerous tumors. The US EPA and FDA limit vinyl chloride in drinking water to 0.002 ppm. "Pathology of Vinyl Chloride" International Congress on Occupational Health. "Toxicology of Plastics and Rubber- Plastomers and Monomers." The symptoms of vinyl chloride exposure are classified by ppm levels in ambient air with 4,000 ppm having a threshold effect. This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 07:13. VINYL CHLORIDE is peroxidizable. It is one of the most durable low-cost films and is resistant to many chemicals. A gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile isolate was obtained from the enrichment culture and identified … "[34] EPA's 2001 updated Toxicological Profile and Summary Health Assessment for VCM in its Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database lowers EPA's previous risk factor estimate by a factor of 20 and concludes that "because of the consistent evidence for liver cancer in all the studies...and the weaker association for other sites, it is concluded that the liver is the most sensitive site, and protection against liver cancer will protect against possible cancer induction in other tissues. Suciu, I et al. About 13 billion kilograms are produced annually. Patty, F.A. This industrial route to vinyl chloride was common before ethylene became widely distributed. Vinyl Chloride Monomer Summary Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. "Contaminants in soil: Collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans. Vinyl chloride is a colorless, flammable gas that evaporates very quickly. Vinyl chloride liquid is fed to polymerization reactors where it is converted from a monomeric VCM to a polymeric PVC. VC use did not occur when nitrate was provided as the electron acceptor. PVC is found in various plastic products, including wire insulation and packaging materials. It can be formed in the environment when soil organisms break down chlorinated solvents. [2] The United States currently remains the largest VCM manufacturing region because of its low-production-cost position in chlorine and ethylene raw materials. What happens to vinyl chloride when it enters the environment? Maltoni, C. "Cancer Detection and Prevention" (1972) Presented at the Second International Symposium on Cancer Detection and Prevention. The findings in rats at the concentration of 4 to 10 ppm are shown in pictures." Vinyl chloride was first produced using the process of dehydrating ethylene dichloride (EDC) with alcoholic caustic potash. The major industrial preparation of vinyl chloride begins with ethylene and has two variants. In 1912, Fritz Klatte, a German chemist working for Griesheim-Elektron, patented a means to produce vinyl chloride from acetylene and hydrogen chloride using mercuric chloride as a catalyst. Heating 1,2-dichloroethane in the presence of a charcoal catalyst gives vinyl chloride. School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. …with HCl, the product is vinyl chloride (CH, hydrogen chloride to vinyl chloride to yield 1,1-dichloroethane. Continuous exposure can cause CNS depression including euphoria and disorientation. In the U.S., OSHA lists vinyl chloride as a Class IA Flammable Liquid, with a National Fire Protection Association Flammability Rating of 4. "[32], The Houston Chronicle claimed in 1998 that the vinyl industry manipulated vinyl chloride studies to avoid liability for worker exposure and hid extensive and severe chemical spills in local communities. Kramer, G.C., M.D. Fire may release toxic hydrogen chloride (HCl) and carbon monoxide (CO). As a gas mixed with air, VCM is a fire and explosion hazard. [13], Transporting VCM presents the same risks as transporting other flammable gases such as propane, butane (LPG) or natural gas (for which the same safety regulations apply). The normal method of producing acetylene was from calcium carbide. Many such ethane-based processes have been and are being developed. "[35], The bacteria species Nitrosomonas europaea can degrade a variety of halogenated compounds including trichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride. The study noted that if a chemical did justify the cost of testing, and its ill-effects on workers and the public were known, the chemical should not be made. PVC pipe is what rural high schools with small budgets use to make goal posts for their football fields. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is very stable, storable, and nowhere near as acutely toxic as the vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). Nat Catal (2020). Main Uses. Typically, a vinyl chloride plant is designed to integrate the two processes so that the hydrogen chloride produced by heating 1,2-dichloroethane is used as a reactant in the oxychlorination method. They obtained it by treating 1,2-dichloroethane with a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol.[8]. [25] In 1963, research paid for in part by Allied Chemical found liver damage in test animals from exposures below 500 parts per million (ppm). ", Harrison, Henrietta (2008). Reprinted from Industrial Medicine and Surgery. In order to replace mercuric chloride in industrial applications gold[9] and platinum[10] based catalysts have recently been proposed as viable alternatives, ensuring economical viability by extremely low metal loading (nanostructuring to the single atom level). There are two types of PVC – rigid resins and flexible resins. "Vinyl chloride." China still uses this method to produce vinyl chloride due to the large reserves of coal from which acetylene is produced. In one, ethylene is converted to 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene chloride) by reaction with chlorine. [15] Its flammable limits in air are: lower 3.6 volume% and upper 33.0 volume%. This production method is cheaper than preparing EDC from acetylene, which is why it has become the major route to vinyl chloride since the late 1950s. A major drawback to the use of ethane are the forcing conditions required for its use, which can be attributed to its lack of molecular functionality. Inhibited vinyl chloride may be stored at normal atmospheric conditions in suitable pressure vessel. Until the late 1940s, this process was used almost exclusively (21). Containers used for handling vinyl chloride at atmospheric temperature are always under pressure. Vinyl chloride also burns easily and is not stable at high temperatures. From its flake or pellet form PVC is sold to companies that heat and mold the PVC into end products such as PVC pipe and bottles. Vinyl chloride is primarily used for the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). "Effects of Single and Repeated Exposures of Humans and Rats to Vinyl Chloride" Laboratory of applied biodynamics, Yale University and Department of Pathology. flooring, furniture, toys, construction … If vinyl chloride starts to leak from the internal sphere or if a fire is detected on the outside of the sphere then the contents of the sphere are automatically dumped into an emergency underground storage container. 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