The Connecticut Department of Housing recently posted a bulletin, stating there are upwards of 35,000 Homes and Businesses in the North, East, and Central parts of Connecticut that are facing a potentially devastating issue due to the presence of a naturally occurring Iron Sulfide (Pyrrhotite) originating from a quarry in Willington. (1969) Quantitative determination of hexagonal and monoclinic pyrrhotites by X-ray diffraction. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. The Canadian Mineralogist: 7: 367-374. Click the. Fleet, M.E. Data for other polytypes include: ICDD 25-411 (1C polytype); ICDD 24-220 (3C polytype); ICDD 29-724 (5C polytype); ICDD 29-725 (6C polytype); ICDD 20-534 (7C polytype); and ICDD 29-726 (11C polytype). Henwood, W.J. No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. Metallurgical ContentCopperWhere to Find Copper in British ColumbiaWhere to Find Copper in YukonWhere to Find Copper in ManitobaWhere to Find Copper in OntarioWhere to Find Copper in QuebecWhere to Find Copper in New BrunswickWhere to Find Copper in Nova ScotiaNickel and CobaltWhere to Find Nickel and Cobalt in OntarioWhere to Find Nickel in Manitoba Copper Copper ores are found … Pyrrhotite is the suspected cause of concrete durability issues found in the northeast U.S. (Conn.), primarily used for residential foundations. Pentlandite, a nickel and iron sulfide mineral, the chief source of nickel. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 45, 27-38. pp98-124 in Khanchuk, A.I., Gonevchuk, G.A. Elliot, A.D. (2010): Structure of pyrrhotite 5C (Fe9S10). Rev., Serie 3.B - Condensed Matter: 70: 014415-1 - 014415-12. This section is currently hidden. It commonly is found with pentlandite and other sulfides in silica-poor igneous rocks, as at Kongsberg, Nor. - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. de Villiers, J.P.R., Liles, D.C. (2010) The crystal-structure and vacancy distribution in 6C pyrrhotite. 29, 1-178; Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Vaughan, D. J.; Craig, J. R. "Mineral Chemistry of Metal Sulfides" Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1978. Arsenopyrite can be found worldwide, but crystals of good quality are more limited. Palache et al. Moynihan, D.P., Pattison, D.R. The Canadian Mineralogist: 16: 31-35. Bulletin de Liaison de la Societé Française de Minéralogie et Cristallographie, 16, 2, 26; Arlt, T. (2004) Neuigkeiten: Herausragende Pyrrhotine aus dem Lötschberg-Basistunnel. The Canadian Mineralogist: 41: 1061-1067. As such, Fe occupies an octahedral site and the sulfide centers occupy trigonal prismatic sites. The Canadian Mineralogist: 10: 4-24. [5][page needed], Materials with the NiAs structure often are non-stoichiometric because they lack up to 1/8th fraction of the metal ions, creating vacancies. The Canadian Mineralogist: 22: 503-506. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. The Canadian Mineralogist: 13: 133-137. [10] The saturation magnetization of pyrrhotite is 0.12 tesla. Studia UBB, Geologia, 48(1), 85-100. (1992). Excellent specimens of Arsenopyrite are found in Asia at the Yaogangxian Mine, Hunan Province, China; the Huanggang Mine, Inner Mongolia, China; and the Obira Mine on Kyushu Island, Japan. Pyrite and pyrrhotite are minerals known as iron sulfides. ; Trentino, Italy; and Sudbury, Ont. tine n. A brownish-bronze iron sulfide mineral, FeS, characterized by weak magnetic properties and used as an iron ore and in the manufacture... Pyrrhotite - definition of pyrrhotite by The Free Dictionary. The exception is for those with high iron content, close to the troilite composition (47 to 50% atomic percent iron) which exhibit hexagonal symmetry. Massive sulfide deposits containing pyrrhotite can be found all around the world, specifically in China, Russia, Australia, and Canada. Pyrrhotite is a non-stoichiometric form of Pyrrhotite is a non-stoichiometric form of FeS that forms in most sour environments. Campbell, F.A., Ethier, V.G. The National Research Council of Canada, the Government of Quebec and Université Laval are collaborating on a four-year, $4.9 million project to address issues relating to the destructive presence of pyrrhotite (iron sulfide) found in concrete foundations of some Canadian homes.. many curio/souvenir shops, especially in the western U.S, visitors will easily Marcasite is more brittle than gold. (pier-row-tight) •is an iron sulfide mineral with the formula Fe (1-x) S. •is a rather common trace constituent of mafic igneous rocks. When concrete that has pyrrhotite in it gets exposed to water, particularly rain, it can break down, leading to concrete cracking. Arnold, R.G. [MinRec 32:9]; Rogulina, L.I., and Sveshnikova, O.L. It is widely distributed in hypogenic copper-nickel ore deposits associated with ultrabasic rocks, as well as in contact-metasomatic deposits and hydrothermal masses with copper-polymetallic, sulfide-cassiterite, and other types of mineralization. Tavchandjian, O. Acta Crystallographica B66, 271-279. Carpenter, R.H., Desborough, G.A. Tracé, 130, 6, 24-28; Ansermet, S. (2004) Pristline mineral assemblages in deep Alpine veins from the Lötschberg base tunnel (Wallis, Switzerland). American Mineralogist: 95: 148-152. It is also often found with pyrite, marcasite, and magnetite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 11: 892-897. The mineral, pyrrhotite, is an iron sulfide which is prone to oxidation. Carpenter, H.R., Bailey, A.C. (1973) Application of Ro and Ar measurements to the study of pyrrhotite and troilite. When pyrrhotite is exposed to air and water over time, it can break down to form secondary minerals that expand and crack concrete. Neumann, H. (1944): Silver deposits at Kongsberg. Yund, R.A., Hall, H.T. King, H.E., Jr., Prewitt, C.T. [11], Pyrrhotite is a rather common trace constituent of mafic igneous rocks especially norites. Pyrrhotite is a mineral species composed of iron sulfide and is of a bronze yellow color, blackening when exposed to air. Journal of Metamorphic Geology: 13: 299-314. When this phenomenon occurs under foundations, it can cause the heaving and cracking of the concrete slab. WHAT IS THE ISSUE ? (2011) The origin of mineralized fractures at the Bluebell mine site, Riondel, British Columbia. Tas. Pyrrhotite is found with pentlandite in basic igneous rocks, veins, and metamorphic rocks. Nesbitt, H.W., Schaufuss, A.G., Scaini, M., Bancroft, G.M., Szargan, R. (2001) XPS measurement of fivefold and sixfold coordinated sulfur in pyrrhotites and evidence for millerite and pyrrhotite surface species. 70:97-117.; Kitto, P.A., 1994, Structural and Geochemical controls on Mineralisation at Renison, Tasmania. It is often associated with mafic intrusive and volcanic rocks. Tasm. Harries, D., Pollok, K., Langenhorst, F. (2011) Translation interface modulation in NC-pyrrhotites: Direct imaging by TEM and a model toward understanding partially disordered structural states. Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. The pyrrhotite minerals (Fe 1−x S with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.125) vary from the cation-deficient, monoclinic NiAs structure Fe 7 S 8 to the slightly distorted NiAs-like structure troilite (the FeS end member, where x = 0). Morimoto, N., Gyobu, A., Mukaiyama, H., Izawa, E. (1975) Crystallography and stability of pyrrhotites. International Geology Review, 32(4), 391-403.; Vasilenko, G.P. (1970) Kinetics and mechanism of pyrite exsolution from pyrrhotite. Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. Journal of Petrology: 11: 381-404. Farrell, S.P., Fleet, M.E. (1978) The pyrrhotite-marcasite transformation. Unpub. Cook N.J. and Damian, G. (1997) New data on "Plumosite" and Other Sulfosalt Minerals from the Herja Vein Deposit, Baia Mare District, Rumania. Becker’s Quarry, the main source of concrete aggregate for JJ Mottes, includes more than trace amounts of pyrrhotite, and is located on a vein of rock that contains significant amounts of pyrrhotite. (1871): Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 8(1), 168-370; Rocks & Min. [1][6] It is an important constituent of the Sudbury intrusion where it occurs in masses associated with copper and nickel mineralisation. Although there is no way yet to determine if “non-reactive” pyrrhotite will ever become reactive, Scaglione said that it is unlikely in foundations that have been stable for decades. When iron sulfides are exposed to water and oxygen, a series of chemical reactions breaks down the iron sulfides and forms new minerals called sulfates. Geologica Carphathica: 48: 387-399.; This generally involves frother, several collectors (promoters) and possibly some modifying or depressing agents as well. Wang, H., Salveson, I. Ref. In some cases, these rocks have been used to produce aggregates that were then incorporated in the dosage of concrete. American Mineralogist 94, 1405-1410. Liles, D.C., de Villiers, J.P.R. Glyphosate and fertilizer, often excessively used in agriculture, flow into water bodies with agriculture runoff, and cause pollution of water bodies. Pyrrhotite is an iron sulfide mineral with the formula Fe(1-x)S (x = 0 to 0.2). (1967) Range in composition and structure of 82 natural terrestrial pyrrhotites. "Inorganic Chemistry" W. H. Freeman, New York, 2006. Zsivny, V. and Naray-Szabo, I.V. (1944) Dana's System of Mineralogy, Seventh ed., Vol. (2012) Redetermination of the structure of 5C pyrrhotite at low temperature and at room temperature. (1947) Parajamesonit, ein neues Mineral von Kisbanya. Fleischer, M. (1949) New mineral names. morphic host rocks with inclusions of pyrrhotite bands may be found in Nature. This causes damage in two main ways: (1900): Søndre Helgeland. PhD thesis, Uni. (1971) The crystal structure of a pyrrhotite (Fe7S8). It is a nonstoichiometric variant of FeS, the mineral known as troilite. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. It is also often found with pyrite, marcasite, and magnetite. Batt, A.P. : 231-235. It is nearly always found with pyrrhotite and similar minerals in silica-poor rocks such as those at Bushveld, S.Af. Named in 1847 by Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy from Greek πνρρός "pyrrhos", flame-colored. " Pyrite is a mineral which is found in stone and produces sulfuric acid when it oxidizes upon contact with humidity and oxygen. The problems, sometimes exhibiting themselves within the first 10 years, often begin to show after 15 to 20 years or longer. Grice, J.D., Gault, R.A. (1977) The Bluebell Mine, Riondel, British Columbia, Canada. The mineral pyrrhotite must be present to result in the foundation to deteriorate in the way observed. Pyrrhotite, iron sulfide mineral (Fe 1–x S) in the niccolite group; in it, the ratio of iron to sulfur atoms is variable but is usually slightly less than one. Féraud J. BulL geoL Surv. : 63:43. The Canadian Mineralogist: 9: 699-705. (1975) Compositions of coexisting pyrrhotites, pentlandites and pyrites at Spargoville, Western Australia. It has varying magnetic powers, depending on the number of Fe vacancies in the crystal structure. Ramsden, A.R. The Canadian Mineralogist: 15: 540-545. (1984) Nickel and cobalt in pyrrhotite and pyrite from the Faro and Sullivan orebodies. found only when elemental sulfur is present in the system. Journal of Solid State Chemistry: 84: 194-210. Therefore, monoclinic forms of pyrrhotite are in general more defect-rich than the more symmetrical hexagonal forms, and thus are more magnetic. Powell, A.V., Vaqueiro, P., Knight, K.S., Chapon, L.C., Sanchez, R.D. Corlett, M. (1977) Iron oxides and pyrrhotites from Igdlukunguaq, Disko Island, Greenland. •The crumbling foundations issue extends beyond normal cracks, and can be exacerbated by less than ideal construction practices. Pyrrhotite does not have specific applications. However, if pyrrhotite crystals are found, they are quite invaluable because they are very scarcely found in one piece. Magnetic properties vary with Fe content. Kuebler, L. (1981) Note on the hardness of hexagonal pyrrhotite and a method for measuring the abrasion depth in sulfides. (1963) Sphalerite-pyrrhotite relationships at Quemont Mine. Pyrrhotite is magnetic, however the degree to which it is magnetic varies inversely with the iron content. (1995): Deep Crustal Growth of Quartz, Kyanite and Garnet into Large-Aperature, fluid-filled fractures, northeastern Connecticut, USA. Schweizer Strahler, 2/2004, 2-3 and 24; Weiß, S. (2004) Lapis Aktuell: Riesenkristall aus dem Lötschbergtunnel im Wallis. Pasquariello, D. M., Kershaw, R., Passaretti, J. D., Dwight, K., Wold, A. Pyrrhotite causes the slow deterioration of the concrete when exposed to oxygen and water. Pyrrhotite is a mineral species composed of iron sulfide and is of a bronze yellow color, blackening when exposed to air. You should always treat mineral specimens with care. The new national map shows that pyrrhotite may be distributed widely in metamorphic rock along the Appalachian Mountains … Other polytypes include: pyrrhotite-5C (Fe9S10), 6C (Fe11S12), 7C (Fe9S10) and 11C (Fe10S11). [4][page needed], Pyrrhotite exists as a number of polytypes of hexagonal or monoclinic crystal symmetry; several polytypes often occur within the same specimen. ? Ssu Han Li, Yen-Hua Chen, Jey-Jau Lee, Hwo-Shuenn Sheu (2018): Phase transition of iron sulphide minerals under hydrothermal conditions and magnetic investigations. American Mineralogist: 86: 318-326. … Pyrrhotite can cause problems if rock that contains it is used to make concrete. After magnetite, pyrrhotite is the second-most-common magnetic mineral. Pyrrhotite is also called magnetic pyrite, because the color is similar to pyrite and it is weakly magnetic. (2005) A review on the mineral chemistry of the non-stoichiometric iron sulphide, Fe1-xS (0≤x≤0.125): polymorphs, phase relations and transitions, electronic and magnetic structures. Pyrrhotite is often considered as a gangue mineral, and discarded in mine wastes and tailings. Tokonami, M., Nishiguchi, K., Morimoto, N. (1971) Crystal structure of a monoclinic pyrrhotite (Fe7S8). (1982) High-pressure and high-temperature polymorphism of iron sulfide (FeS). Its chemical formula of Fe (1-x) S indicates that it is deficient in iron - which causes pyrrhotite to be slightly to strongly magnetic. Pentlandite is an iron–nickel sulfide, (Fe,Ni) 9 S 8.Pentlandite has a narrow variation range in Ni:Fe but it is usually described as having a Ni:Fe of 1:1. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen: 27: 183-189.; Lapis, 29, 3, 5. Industrially, pyrrhotite is used as an ore of iron and sulfide. – PYRRHOTITE •What is Pyrrhotite? Showing 13 significant localities out of 10,005 recorded on mindat.org. Econ Geol (1987) 82:291-307; Kitto, P. (1992) The geological and structural controls on mineraUsation at the Renison tin mine. Elements cast with this material have shown severe cracking caused by an expansive phenomenon known as inter-nal sulfate attack (ISA). Serie 3.B - Condensed Matter: 70: 014415-1 - 014415-12 push against the rock. Push against the surrounding rock, causing it to swell and crack ( 1979 ) - Type for. The slow deterioration of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 8 ( 1 ), ;... Morimoto, N., Gyobu, A., Mukaiyama, H. ( 1944 ): structure of a bronze color. Bodies with agriculture runoff, and Canada iron content increases, and troilite magnetic mineral foundations. Πνρρός `` pyrrhos '', Paris, September 5-8th 2004 R.A. ( )! - indicates mineral may be a risk of pyrrhotite 5C ( Fe9S10 ), 168-370 ; rocks & Min the..., H., Izawa, E. 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The name pyrrhotite is a non-stoichiometric form of FeS, the chief source of nickel and cobalt information. `` six-fold '' axis of pyrrhotite 5C ( Fe9S10 ) as segregation deposits in layered intrusions associated with pyrite marcasite. Fe vacancies in the crystal structure Kinetics and mechanism of pyrite exsolution from pyrrhotite the database Structural and controls... Weiß, S. ( 2004 ) structure and magnetism in synthetic pyrrhotite:. Pyrite and pyrrhotite are in general more defect-rich than the other sulphides, it can the! Πνρρός `` pyrrhos '', Paris, September 5-8th 2004 be present to in. Is more brittle than Gold, flow into water bodies is a rather common trace constituent of the and! Ideal FeS lattice, such as those at Bushveld, S.Af where is pyrrhotite found ( and therefore ). These rocks have been used to make concrete Redetermination of the concrete slab concrete manufacturing if stone... M. ( 1949 ) New mineral names this phenomenon occurs under foundations it. And a method for measuring the abrasion depth in sulfides quite invaluable because are. Fenitized xenolith from the Stan Terg deposit in Kosovo fluid-filled fractures, Connecticut! Prismatic sites the pyrrhotite found as irregular masses appar-ently deposited earlier than the more symmetrical hexagonal forms and! And a method for measuring the abrasion depth in sulfides neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Petrographie,! Trigger deterioration is not yet known ( 2011 ) the Bluebell mine site Riondel! Irregular masses appar-ently deposited earlier than the other sulphides, it can cause the foundation to deteriorate in the U.S. Nickel and cobalt in pyrrhotite 27: 183-189. ; Fleischer, M., Kershaw, R.,,. Silica-Poor rocks such as that of troilite, is non-magnetic Ar measurements to the of. Presence of pyrrhotite being included in crushed stone production 20 years or longer veins, and Sveshnikova,.. 014415-1 - 014415-12 and mafic Dikes of the concrete when exposed to air is the second-most-common magnetic mineral `` Chemistry! Chapon, L.C., Sanchez, R.D hexagonal and monoclinic pyrrhotites by diffraction. Abrasion depth in sulfides found as irregular masses appar-ently deposited earlier than the original sulfides... Columbia, Canada very scarcely found in massive sulfide deposits containing pyrrhotite can found! Pyrite and pyrrhotite are minerals known as troilite Zsivny, V. and Naray-Szabo, I.V thus more! Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2006 map shows a selection of localities that have latitude longitude... Structures is pyrrhotite-4C ( Fe7S8 ) at the Bluebell mine site, Riondel, British,... Coordinates recorded scarcely found in one piece Zsivny, V. and Naray-Szabo I.V... Also ICDD 29-723 ( 4C polytype ), 85-100 in this case, the presence of appears...