S aureus—a human pathogen—has been identified in a low percentage of dogs. While topical therapy alone is unlikely to resolve a deep pyoderma, it is an invaluable tool in the dog’s recovery. “Malassezia, the skin commensal yeast, can be problematic, along with Staph, so the yeast infection needs to be recognized and treated in addition to the bacterial infection.”. Meyer W, Neurand K. Comparison of skin pH in domesticated and laboratory animals. Davis are caused by resistant strains of Staph. Surgical excision may be curative in some cases of vulvar fold pyoderma and tail fold pyoderma in English bulldogs. Currently, we do not have validated methods for empirically selecting antibiotics for methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in dogs. However, the underlying cause –– whether it’s parasites, hormonal imbalances, allergies or sanitary issues –– must be specifically addressed to prevent the problem and keep it from recurring. Dogs with superficial pyoderma should be bathed with a shampoo recommended by its veterinarian. Most dermatologists believe that the most appropriate first-choice antibiotic for canine pyoderma is a cephalosporin and, in most patients, treatment with cephalosporins may be empirical. One indicator that this gene may be present is reported resistance to erythromycin, but sensitivity to clindamycin. With the rise in antibiotic resistance, there has been renewed interest in Staphylococcal bacterins and in Staphylococcus aureus phage lysate treatments, according to Layne. can often be treated exclusively with topical therapy (which is preferred to systemic antibiotic administration in my opinion), but frequent bathing is required (daily or every other day). WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PYODERMA? Treatment of Pyoderma in Dogs and Cats Identifying and controlling the underlying cause is critical to avoid recurrence With the spread of methicillin-resistant (MRS), multidrug-resistant (MDRS) Staphylococcus, the treatment of pyoderma has become more challenging. Fitzgerald JR. Garlic is one (controversial) option. Urinalysis is more sensitive than BUN or creatinine to amikacin-induced renal toxicosis. usually require prolonged (several weeks) courses of antibiotic therapy. They are not considered curable because the moisture and occlusive nature of folds predisposes toward recurrence. Pyoderma in dogs is directly treated with antimicrobial therapy — either oral antibiotics or topical antibacterial medication, shampoo or spray applied to the affected area. In an otherwise healthy dog, blood analysis should occur before administration, then 10 to 14 days into therapy. “With the rise in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and other resistant skin pathogens, it is imperative we all use good antimicrobial stewardship,” Valentine says. Has your dog ever had pyoderma, a bacterial infection of the skin? Available only by prescription, Simplicef is an oral antibiotic commonly used to treat bacterial infections. The practitioner should choose an active ingredient with good activity against Staphylococcus intermedius, the most common cause of canine pyoderma. Residual antibacterial activity of dog hairs after therapy with antimicrobial shampoos. The molecular evolution of methicillin-resistant, Weese JS, van Duijkeren E. Methicillin-resistant. Deep pyodermas are less common, and occur as either focal, or localized, furunculosis or generalized furunculosis and/or cellulitis. Sulfamethoxine/ormetoprim is useful, as it can be administered once daily. Natural Pet Remedies: Antibiotic treatment is standard for pyoderma in dogs, whether ingested or topical. Conventional Canine Pyoderma Treatment Conventional treatment involves the use of antibiotics, topical therapy, and when appropriate, treatment of the underlying causes. Valerie Fadok is a dermatology specialist at North Houston Veterinary Specialists in Spring, Texas. In one study, treatment with topical 4% chlorhexidine products showed resolution of clinical signs in all dogs and was found to be as effective in treating superficial pyoderma as systemic therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Superficial bacterial infections are usually to blame, but many additional sources of … Factors to consider are owner compliance, patient cooperation, and degree of infection and pruritus. “If the infection is focal, this regimen can be used focally.”. SCCmec in Staphylococci: Genes on the move. Surface infections are often best treated topically. Sulfamethoxine/ormetoprim is useful, as it can be administered once daily. It has many clinical forms, the features of which may be unique to the individual dog breed. Characterization and quantification of ceramides in the nonlesional skin of canine patients with atopic dermatitis compared with controls. Surface pyodermas such as hot spots are best treated by clipping of the wound and cleaning with an agent that kills the surface bacteria. Modern recommendations for antibiotic selection suggest that we: Traditionally, we have been taught to select older generation, less active antibiotics based on the belief that if the antibiotic fails, we can then use newer, more active compounds. The areas around the infection will be shaved in order to get a better idea of the damage, as well as to allow better absorption of topical medications, typically followed by a full body cleansing with an antibacterial shampoo formulated with medications for dogs such as Benzoyl peroxide or chlorhexidine, which must remain on the skin for at least ten minutes before rinsing for full effectiveness. Pyoderma is a common skin disorder in small animal practice. Your vet may also prescribe other antibiotics based on your dog’s condition. Bathing helps to remove adherent crusts and sticky exudates, promoting drainage and drying. Pin D, Carlotti DN, Jasmin P, et al. At 2 weeks, all dogs demonstrated 50% or greater improvement, with 3 dogs experiencing complete resolution. Lack of a follicular lipid plug, which acts like a drain stopper. with chlorhexidine shampoos and/or other topicals instead of systemic antibiotics whenever possible. “There are some studies on residual activity of shampoos, too, showing that dog hairs washed in certain shampoos continue to inhibit bacterial growth well after the shampoo has been rinsed away.”, “Baths twice per week with a shampoo containing two percent chlorhexidine and two percent miconazole, along with daily application of two percent chlorhexidine solution for four weeks, has been shown to be as effective as systemic antibiotics,” Layne says. German shepherd dogs develop a severe ulcerative pyoderma that is generalized and painful. The use of topical therapy seems to speed the rate of recovery, and we suspect topical therapy reduces the length of time a dog requires systemic antibiotics. are not common, but often accompany demodicosis. She has lectured internationally on veterinary skin diseases and is currently a dermatology consultant on the Veterinary Information Network (VIN). “If we can all reduce our use of systemic antimicrobials, we will be helping to take one step toward reducing the ever-increasing threat of resistant infections,” Valentine says. Treatment of Pyoderma in Dogs Most cases of canine pyoderma can be managed with antibiotics 1x of 2x per day (erythromycin, lincomycin, oxacillin, cephalexin, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, cefpodoxime, cefadroxil, ormetroprim-potentiated sulfonamides). In 2010, a randomized, double-blinded, controlled study tested the hypothesis that topical therapy alone could treat dogs with methicillin-resistant superficial pyodermas.28. Frequent monitoring of urine for casts and repeated blood analysis of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine can make this an expensive option. Since pyoderma commonly masks another condition, a vicious treatment cycle can ensue if the underlining problem isn’t identified. Usefulness of cefovecin disk-diffusion test for predicting mecA gene-containing strains of. Loeffler A, Cobb MA, Bond R. Comparison of a chlorhexidine and a benzoyl peroxide shampoo as sole treatment in canine superficial pyoderma. These bacteria produce toxins, resulting in inflammation. Altered cutaneous expression of beta-defensins in dogs with atopic dermatitis. In chronic or recurrent cases, it is important to perform a skin culture and antibiotic sensitivity test to ensure that the proper antibiotic is used. Signs of skin fold infection include discharge, redness, and a foul or musty odor. It has been hypothesized that topical therapy may give bacteria time and opportunity to eject the resistance genes and become susceptible again (see Topical Therapy: A Stand-Alone Treatment?). While the slide can be scanned at lower powers, the oil immersion lens is recommended for examination of bacteria and yeast. Bathing frequency can be reduced by the use of chlorhexidine leave-on conditioners, sprays, wipes, and mousses in between. Betamethasone is a potent steroid that can induce severe cutaneous atrophy if overused; its use should be restricted to less than 14 days, particularly on thin skin such as that on the abdomen. “It is for this reason we should not forget to couple systemic therapy with topical treatments. Considering canine pyoderma is one of the most common issues brought to vet offices, there are countless ways to approach treatment. While topical therapy alone is unlikely to resolve a deep pyoderma, it is an invaluable tool in the dog’s recovery. ). Matousek JL, Campbell KL, Kakoma I, Schaeffer DJ. When systemic antibiotics are chosen, practitioners should ensure the right antibiotic is administered at the right dose and duration, Valentine adds. Systemic illness or immune compromise may lead to superficial bacterial pyoderma as well. Treatment for this lesion is sedation, clipping and scrubbing the lesion (s) gently with a chlorhexidene based shampoo. Pyoderma: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment. Coconut oil can be used as a natural moisturizer to soothe dry, cracked, and itchy skin. fleas, mites). When dogs have any type of skin irritation, they will likely lick and scratch at the affected area in an effort to bring themselves relief. Superficial pyodermas can often be treated exclusively with topical therapy (which is preferred to systemic antibiotic administration in my opinion), but frequent bathing is required (daily or every other day). However, if owners are willing and able to bathe more frequently, they should be encouraged to do so. Get the latest peer-reviewed clinical resources delivered to your inbox. Piekutowska A, Pin D, Rème CA, et al. They can augment their bathing with the use of rinses, sprays, leave-on conditioners, mousses, and wipes in between baths. Deep pyodermas usually require prolonged (several weeks) courses of antibiotic therapy. If cytology from lesions of pyoderma identifies rods, suspicion is raised for a Pseudomonas or other gram negative pyoderma. Of all the species with which we work, dogs seem uniquely predisposed to bacterial skin infections.1-5 Dogs are more susceptible to skin infections due to basic structural features, such as: Table 1 lists underlying skin disorders that predispose dogs to staphylococcal skin infections.6 Dogs with atopic dermatitis are especially susceptible due to: The major canine skin pathogen is S pseudintermedius;11 however, Staphylococcus schleiferi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa  have also been identified in canine pyoderma. Superficial bacterial pyoderma is almost always secondary to some kind of skin abnormality, such as atopic dermatitis. The best examples include fold pyodermas of the face, lips, tail, and axilla. Soak crusts that are tightly adherent, which helps loosen them gently. Methicillin resistance is increasing in canine skin infections, and sensitivity results are required to select the correct antibiotic. For these dogs, systemic antibiotic therapy is required, and culture and sensitivity mandatory. HOW DO WE TREAT METHICILLIN-RESISTANT PYODERMA IN DOGS? “[The vaccine] treats the immune system of the dog by way of skin injection,” says Dr. Ganfield, adding the product can be given at the same time as topical treatments or antibiotics. , while not as virulent, shares many characteristics with, Ability to adhere to matrix adhesive proteins. However, the breakpoints for determining sensitivity to doxycycline are changing: if the minimum inhibitory concentration is greater than 0.5 to 1 mcg/mL, then failure of therapy is more likely even if a culture indicates sensitivity.30. Most of the veterinary dermatologic literature supports the use of 2% to 4% chlorhexidine as the most effective topical antiseptic agent against S pseudintermedius, P aeruginosa, and Malasseziaspecies. Frequently helps compress the course of antibiotics, reducing the time for selection of resistant strains. However, since pyoderma is usually a secondary condition that results from symptoms related to another problem, it’s important to diagnose and treat the original illness or condition while simultaneously clearing up the infection. ACVIM (small-animal internal medicine), president of the American Academy of Veterinary Dermatology (AAVD) and professor of clinical dermatology at the University of California, Davis. Place the … Massage the shampoo gently in by hand, first onto the areas most affected (rather than pouring it down the back). Any of the bacteria listed previously can cause surface, superficial, or deep pyoderma. Furunculosis is caused by bacterial infection that affects the hair follicles and causes small abscesses under the skin. is a superficial cutaneous disorder, associated with an overgrowth of. The most common form of pyoderma is superficial bacterial folliculitis, a bacterial infection of the upper part of the hair follicle, caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Consider efficacy, safety, and compliance, If cytology from lesions of pyoderma identifies rods, suspicion is raised for a. contains a list of antibiotics and doses used to treat canine pyoderma. Any natural antibiotic you trust for use with your pet may be effective. Surgical excision may be curative in some cases of vulvar fold pyoderma and tail fold pyoderma in English bulldogs. This mutant protein cannot bind any beta-lactam antibiotic; therefore, all penicillins and cephalosporins are ineffective. MecA encodes for a mutated form of penicillin-binding protein on the bacteria’s surface. The dog patient will also be checked for presence of parasites (e.g. It is no longer acceptable for a laboratory to report coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species as the final diagnosis—the Staphylococcus species should be determined to allow clinicians to appropriately counsel clients as to risk of contagion. Golden retrievers develop furunculosis that has many features of acute pyotraumatic dermatitis; however, it is an acute and deep bacterial skin infection. Wash the rest of the dog and leave the shampoo on the skin for 10 minutes before rinsing. One of the most critical aspects of pyoderma treatment is bathing (see Step by Step: Bathing as Topical Therapy for Pyoderma), which is beneficial because it: If bathing is combined with systemic antibiotics, minimal bathing frequency should be once weekly. In very pruritic patients, a short (1—2 week) course of oral anti-inflammator… Prospective study of bacterial overgrowth syndrome in eight dogs. However, this principle can no longer be applied in the age of staphylococcal methicillin resistance—once the less active, beta-lactam antibiotics become ineffective, the entire class is useless for systemic therapy. Lipids, such as ceramide complex or phytosphingosine, that help repair the skin barrier when used over time. As outlined in the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases’ (ISCAID’s) published guidelines, topical therapy is the first line of defense for treating localized and mild cases of superficial bacterial pyoderma, says Catherine Outerbridge, DVM, MVSc, Dipl. Always combine systemic antibiotics with topical therapy. Griffeth GC, Morris DO, Abraham JL, et al. WHY ARE DOGS SUSCEPTIBLE TO SKIN INFECTIONS? Step by Step: Using Clear Tape for Cytologic Evaluation of Pyoderma, is recommended for all generalized deep pyodermas and if treatment with 2 different classes of oral antibiotic, repeated courses of a previously effective antibiotic, or one injection of cefovecin. Web Design by PHOS Creative, https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/table-of-contents-january-february-2021/. BOG = bacterial overgrowth syndrome; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; MRS = methicillin-resistant, Maaland MG, Papich MG, Turnidge J, Guardabassi L. Pharmacodynamics of doxycycline and tetracycline against, Treating Canine Superficial Pyoderma in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance, Allergic Dermatitis in Canines and Felines. Forticept Maxi Wash is an advanced antimicrobial wound and skin cleanser. Mupirocin topical ointment is effective against most strains of MRSP and can be used to resolve focal lesions. If your pet has allergies, managing those allergies will greatly reduce the number of skin infections he gets. Now that the major canine pathogen, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, has acquired methicillin resistance, treatment has become more challenging and more expensive.Keys to success in treatment and prevention require: She received her DVM from Washington State University and her PhD in experimental pathology from Unversity of Colorado. Veterinary School Applications Are Up 19% — What Does that Mean for the Profession? are required, treating with the appropriate dose until the pyoderma is completely resolved. S schleiferi was first identified from human clinical specimens in 1988, and has now been identified as a cause of pyoderma and otitis externa in dogs.12-14, P aeruginosa—while not common—has been identified on the skin of dogs, particularly in lip fold pyodermas and postgrooming folliculitis.15-16. Hillier A, Alcorn JR, Cole LK, Kowalski JJ. At this site, you can download PDF files for your clients that explain these infections and how to handle them. The culprit may seem clear at first glance; however, veterinarians must look at the bigger picture to address the underlining issue. Confirms the presence of bacteria and white blood cells. The risk depends on the severity of the individual case. The signs of pyoderma can be seen at a … BOG = bacterial overgrowth syndrome; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; MRS = methicillin-resistant Staphylococci; MRSA = methicillin-resistant S aureus; MRSP = methicillin-resistant S pseudintermedius; MSSP = methicillin-susceptible S pseudintermedius. Once you and your vet have fully determined your dog has pyoderma, how can you treat it? Amikacin is well tolerated by most dogs but must be given by subcutaneous injection (15 mg/kg once daily) and does present the risk for renal toxicity. The classifications above help determine the treatment regimen for each case of pyoderma: 1. For this reason, it may work best to avoid systemic antibiotic therapy for dogs with surface or superficial pyoderma caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and, instead, focus on aggressive topical therapy. Reiter LV, Torres SM, Wertz PW. Skin fold pyoderma occurs in a few select breeds of dogs though dogs that are obese can also suffer from this condition. The most obvious indication of pyoderma infection in the dog is the development of the signature pustules or papules that develop on the skin. Efficacy of a surgical scrub including 2% chlorhexidine acetate for canine superficial pyoderma. Treatment of pyoderma in dogs involves eliminating infection, says Collier. For a healthy dog, weekly urinalysis can evaluate cast formation, proteinuria, and a drop in specific gravity. Furunculosis is caused by bacterial infection that affects the hair follicles and causes small abscesses under the skin. 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