Physical Environment is the part of the human environment that includes purely physical factors (as soil, climate, water supply) Physical environment means the natural and man made features of an area. In general, U.S. residential environments are highly dominated by Americans’ reliance on private automobile transportation. These barriers may inhibit physical activity for parts of the population, resulting in worse overall health. Studies that use measures of area socioeconomic characteristics as proxies for environmental features have generally reported similar associations of area features with health in both the United States and other countries (van Lenthe et al., 2005), but there is some evidence that area effects may be greater in countries, like the United States, which have relatively greater residential segregation (Moore et al., 2008; Stafford et al., 2004). Vegetation: This is the kind of plants which can be found in an area. Work on the “transmission” of obesity through social networks has highlighted the possible importance of social norms in shaping many health-related behaviors (Christakis and Fowler, 2007; Hruschka et al., 2011; Kawachi and Berkman, 2000).8 A long tradition of sociological research links these social features not only to illness, but also to risks of violence (Morenoff et al., 2001; Sampson et al., 1997). 2012). (1) living in ...” in Social Studies if you're in doubt about the correctness of the answers or there's no answer, then try to use the smart search and find answers to the similar questions. Social Studies is a field of study which deals with man, his relation with other men and his environment; its content is drawn from several social sciences. gender and culture, physical and social environment, personal health practices and coping skills, and availability of health services. Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place at a particular time. Geography derives its data base from all the natural and social sciences and attempts their synthesis. Another important environmental influence on homicide and suicide rates is the ease of access to firearms, which has a strong association with homicide rates (Hepburn and Hemenway, 2004). Legislative policies in other countries limit circulation and ownership of firearms by civilians. Easy access to unhealthy foods may interact with personal sources of stress (e.g., from work) in promoting the consumption of calorie-dense foods. As noted in Chapter 5, certain forms of drug use (which is often linked to other social environmental features) also appear to be more prevalent in the United States than in other high-income countries. Educational process of development occurs in physical, social, cultural and psychological environment. Physical and social environment 303 makers are interested in the ‘social capital’ of areas. Types of environment The Social Environment Cardinal Points Governing our Community Characteristics of a community The family community The school community The Coat- of - Arms The … The physical environment can be virtually anything concrete that children may encounter in their lives. Environment definition Forest Resources . Similar geographic disparities may exist for other environmental features. 11Averages could mask important spatial heterogeneity in air pollution, and this heterogeneity could have important implications for differences in aggregate health if some populations are systematically exposed to high levels of pollution. Important areas for future cross-national research on environmental factors and health include (1) characterizing levels and distributions of environmental risk factors using comparable measures across countries; (2) documenting inequalities in the distribution of these environmental factors; (3) identifying the extent to which these environmental factors affect health and the extent to which their effects are modulated by individual-, community-, or country-level factors; (4) examining directly the contribution of environmental factors to health differences between the United States and other high-income countries; and (5) studying national, regional, and local country policies that may curb levels of adverse environmental exposures, reduce the extent to which they are inequitably distributed, or buffer their effects. This chapter focuses on both the physical and social environment in the United States as potential contributors to its health disadvantage relative to other high-income countries. On another measure, OECD data suggest that levels of trust14 are lower in the United States than the OECD average and than in all peer countries but Portugal, with Nordic countries showing the highest levels (OECD, 2011e). Jun 22, 2016 - Image result for worksheet on physical features of india. To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter. The importance of residential environments to obesity and related conditions, such as diabetes, was recently highlighted by a randomized housing intervention: low-income participants who were randomly assigned to move into low-poverty areas experienced significant improvements. evidence is more limited to compare these countries in terms of social cohesion, social capital, or social participation. health outcomes, including many of the outcomes for which there are cross-national health differences, such as noncommunicable diseases, associated risk factors, injuries, and violence. Transportation behavior also differs between the United States and other high-income countries, with U.S. residents walking and cycling substantially less than Europeans (Bassett et al., 2008; Buehler et al., 2011; Hallal et al., 2012). Help with Questions in Social Studies. For example, the health of some nations is affected by their geography or climate. Few data are available to make cross-national comparisons of exposure to harmful physical or chemical environmental hazards. 5Studies that compare the effects of built environment features across countries are limited and inconclusive. In this way, environmental factors are undoubtedly part of a self-perpetuating cycle that operates across multiple domains, but delineating exactly how this occurs—and how this may differ across place and time—will require further research. The dominant land use and development pattern espoused in the United States for decades (Richardson and Bae, 2004) has created dependence on private automobile transportation, with important implications for traffic volume and associated traffic injuries and fatalities (Transportation Research Board, 2009). One mechanism through which the social environment can enhance health is through social support. Levels of residential segregation shape environmental differences across neighborhoods (Reardon and Bischoff, 2011; Subramanian et al., 2005). The. In particular, particles that are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (“fine” particles) are thought to pose the largest health risks (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). Compass A compass helps find direction of … For example, the density of alcohol retail outlets has been linked to alcohol-related health complications (Campbell et al., 2009; Popova et al., 2009), including injury and violence (Cunradi et al., 2012; Toomey et al., 2012). The U.S. health disadvantage cannot be attributed solely to the adverse health status of racial or ethnic minorities or poor people: even highly advantaged Americans are in worse health than their counterparts in other, "peer" countries. The factors in the physical environment that are important to health include harmful substances, such as air pollution or proximity to toxic sites (the focus of classic environmental epidemiology); access to various health-related resources (e.g., healthy or unhealthy foods, recreational resources, medical care); and community design and the “built environment” (e.g., land use mix, street connectivity, transportation systems). For example, the school environments of children, adolescents, and college students can affect diet, physical activity, and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (Katz, 2009; Wechsler and Nelson, 2008). In 2008, the United States had 800 motor vehicles per 1,000 people compared with 526 in the United Kingdom, 521 in Sweden, 598 in France, and 554 in Germany (World Bank, 2012b). Thus, relatively few of the homicides in these countries are firearm homicides. As noted in Chapters 1 and 2, homicide rates in the United States are markedly higher than in other rich nations. This chapter, like others before it, focuses on three questions: •   Do environmental factors matter to health? U.S. Health in International Perspective presents detailed evidence on the issue, explores the possible explanations for the shorter and less healthy lives of Americans than those of people in comparable countries, and recommends actions by both government and nongovernment agencies and organizations to address the U.S. health disadvantage. Thus, individual and environmental factors may be part of a reinforcing cycle that creates and perpetuates health differences. The Physical Environment Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources . Spatial Distribution of Environmental Factors. a) Struggler b) one without difference c) stubborn d) illiterate. Workplaces have also long been recognized as important determinants of health and health inequalities, occupational safety, and access to preventive services (Anderson et al., 2009; Schulte et al., 2011). Jun 22, 2016 - Image result for worksheet on physical features of india .. Other data indicate that nearly 3 percent of people in the United States report “rarely” or “never” spending time with friends, colleagues, or others in social settings. Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. There are fewer data to compare rates of other crimes across countries. The Physical Environment. Although the precise effects of these transportation differences on people’s energy expenditure is difficult to quantify, it seems reasonable to expect that different transportation patterns would have important implications for U.S. levels of obesity (Pucher et al., 2010a). It is plausible to hypothesize that factors in the built environment related to low-density land development and high reliance on automobile transportation; environmental factors related to the wide availability, distribution, and marketing of unhealthy foods; and residential segregation by income and race (with its social and economic correlates) may be important contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage in many domains. the most frequently studied,2 but other contexts may also be important for certain segments of the population.3. 2Much early work on the spatial patterns of health used variables such as aggregate summaries of area socioeconomic or race/ethnic composition or measures of residential segregation by various attributes as proxies for a range of broadly defined environmental factors that may be relevant to health (see, e.g., Diez Roux and Mair, 2010). Conversely, Environmental Psychologists, suggest that it is the physical space that mediates our social transactions. The panel focused its attention on the role of local physical and social environments as potential contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage and did not systematically examine whether other contexts, such as school or work environments, differ substantially across high-income countries. 8Analytical complexities make the isolation of these effects difficult in observational studies. For example, high levels of residential segregation may create large social inequalities across neighborhoods that, in the presence of easy access to guns, may result in high gun violence and homicide rates. This evidence suggests that broad environmental factors may play an important role in health. © 2020 National Academy of Sciences. Given the established correlation between neighborhood, race, and socioeconomic composition and various health-related neighborhood resources in the United States, this greater segregation could also result in greater exposure of some population sectors to harmful environments (Lovasi et al., 2009). This reinforcement creates a vicious cycle in which the environment contributes to the development of social norms (such as reliance of automobile transportation) and the behavior resulting from the norm reinforces the environmental features (such as absence of bicycle lanes or public transportation) that sustain it. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact. Image result for worksheet on physical features of india ... 5th Grade Geography Geography Worksheets … How far man influences nature and to what extent nature delivers its bounties constitute another objective of environmental studies. Environmental studies is a multidisciplinary academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the environment. Below we review the possible contributions of the environment to major conditions for which U.S. health disadvantages have been documented. However, the focus of that paper was on the social isolation of individuals rather than on social cohesion or social capital measured as a group-level construct. Studies conducted in the United States and other high-income countries have found that “walkability” (which is measured by such proxies as building density, land use mix, and street connectivity) predicts walking patterns (Durand et al., 2011; Inoue et al., 2009; Sundquist et al., 2011; Van Dyck et al., 2010). This characteristic has promoted dispersed automobile-dependent development patterns (Transportation Research Board, 2009) with consequences for population density, land use mix, and walkability (Richardson, 2004), all of which may have health implications. QUESTION 1: DO ENVIRONMENTAL Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. The environment can affect health through physical exposures, such as air pollution (OECD, 2012b). In many ways, the environment can be thought of as the mid- or “meso-” level of influence linking macrolevel factors (e.g., economic and social policy) and microlevel processes (e.g., individual behavior). The proportion of “any cycling” was extremely low and stable in the United States, at 1.8 percent, while it increased in Germany from 12.1 to 14.1 percent. The United States is among the wealthiest nations in the world, but it is far from the healthiest. It ist essentially the study of human group experiences. Ready to take your reading offline? Unfortunately, the study was not designed to identify the specific environmental features responsible for the observed effect. For example, analyses of comparable travel surveys show that between 2001-2002 and 2008-2009, the proportion of “any walking” was stable in the United States, at 18.5 percent, while it increased in Germany from 36.5 to 42.3 percent. Strong spatial variation is present for a large range of. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. These reinforcing processes by which environmental factors and individual-, family-, and community-level factors reinforce each other over time may also play an important role in generating cross-national differences in health. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. worksheet on physical features of india. ... Studies have shown that built environments that were expressly designed to improve physical activity are linked to higher rates of physical activity, which in turn, positively affects health. There is, for example, little evidence that air pollution is a more severe problem in the United States than in other high-income countries (Baldasano et al., 2003; OECD, 2012a; Parker et al., 2011a).11 Although cross-national comparisons of the volume of emissions and carbon production per gross domestic product show that the United States is a major emitter, this finding does not provide a basis for comparing the cleanliness or healthfulness of air, water, or other resources. An important example is evidence that links proximity to healthy or unhealthy food stores with dietary behaviors and related chronic disease outcomes (Babey et al., 2008; Larson et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2008; Morland et al., 2006).4 Food availability and food advertising influence energy intake and the nutritional value of foods consumed (Grier and Kumanyika, 2008; Harris et al., 2009; Institute of Medicine, 2006a). 1997; U.S. Department of Justice, 2007). 3The environment can also be considered on a larger geographic scale, especially in seeking explanations for cross-national health differences. Levels of safety and violence may also be more strongly spatially segregated in the United States than in other countries, resulting in areas with greater exposure to violence and its harmful health consequences. The heavy reliance on automobile transportation in the United States is linked to traffic levels, which contribute to air pollution and its health consequences (Brook et al., 2010; Laumbach and Kipen. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Social Science - Natural Science – Physical Science are inter … Cities in the United States tend to be less compact and have fewer public transportation and nonmotorized travel options and longer commuting distances than cities in other high-income countries (Richardson and Bae, 2004). This finding is in sharp contrast to studies of the United States, which have found associations between neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and the absence of resources that are important to public health (Diez Roux and Mair, 2010). A review of spatial variability in access to healthy foods found that food deserts—areas with limited proximity to stores that sell healthy foods—were more prevalent in the United States than in other high-income countries (Beaulac et al., 2009). 9Although findings have not always been consistent, levels of safety, violence, and other social environmental features have also been found to be associated with walking and physical activity (Foster and Giles-Corti, 2008). It is noteworthy that these environmental factors may interact with other factors at both “higher” levels of broad social policy and “lower” levels that operate at the individual level. 7As noted in Chapter 6, divorces and single-parent households have become more prevalent in the United States over time than in other high-income countries. The physical environment involves the physical things such as lakes, rivers, mountains, valley etc. It last from November to March. Stressful psychosocial work environments and “job strain”—which refers to high external demands on a worker with low levels of control or rewards—have become recognized as prominent determinants of health and have been linked to self-reported ill health (Stansfeld et al., 1998), adverse mental health outcomes (Clougherty et al., 2010; Low et al., 2010; Stansfeld and Candy, 2006), and markers of chronic disease (Fujishiro et al., 2011). View our suggested citation for this chapter. All units of the second course emphasize the process of development whereby man, coping with given conditions in his physical environment, develops established ways of dealing with the … A key contender is the spatial sorting of people based on their socioeconomic position, race, or ethnicity. All rights reserved. Once established, the land use patterns and transportation systems are self-reinforcing and may in turn hinder the development of efficient and inexpensive public transportation alternatives. Saved from google.co.in. There is some evidence that environmental factors that could affect the U.S. health disadvantage are worse or are more inequitably distributed in the United States than in other high-income countries. It includes all relationships, institutions, culture, and physical structures. Understanding the reasons for the spatial patterns of health within countries may shed light on environmental factors that may contribute to differences across countries. Studies have shown consistent relationships between social capital and self-reported health status, as well as to some measures of mortality (Barefoot et al., 1998; Blakeley et al., 2001; Kawachi, 1999; Kawachi et al., 1997; OECD, 2010c; Schultz et al., 2008; Subramanian et al., 2002). 3. GRADE 3 SOCIAL STUDIES, CROSSWALK FROM 2010 TEKS TO 2018 STREAMLINED TEKS 2010 TEKS Streamlining Red Strikethrough = removed from a student expectation (SE) or knowledge and skills (K&S) statement ... humans adapt to variations in the physical environment. BrainPOP. Physical working conditions (e.g., exposure to dangerous substances, such as lead, asbestos, mercury), as well as physical demands (e.g., carrying heavy loads), human factors, and ergonomic problems can affect the health and safety of employees. - Vegetation are the plants collectively found in a particular habitat. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. in weight and diabetes indicators (Ludwig et al., 2011). These economic, social, urban or rural, transportation, and other policies that affect the environment were not traditionally thought of as relevant to health policy but are now attracting greater attention because decision makers are beginning to recognize their health implications (Cole and Fielding, 2007). The effects of particulate matter on mortality appear to be consistent across countries. A network of social relationships is an important source of support and appears to be an important influence on health behaviors. For example, cross-national comparisons show that levels of active transportation, such as walking or cycling, can be effectively modified by specific land use and transportation policies (Pucher and Dijkstra, 2003; Pucher et al., 2010b). Mortality appear to be consistent across countries the weather conditions of an area firearms civilians! To harmful physical or chemical environmental hazards sciences to address complex contemporary environmental.! And attempts their synthesis 2005, annual hours worked in the respiratory system specific environmental features reinforces norms. Social participation the forces of environment derives its data base from all the natural and physical features... Evidence is more limited to compare rates of other physical environmental features relates patterns! Private automobile transportation also reinforces social norms ( Hruschka s health.1 spatial contexts linked other. Womb of the population.3 some way by humans of the environmental factors may... That of children and adults physical and social environment can affect health through physical exposures, as., focuses on three questions: • Do environmental factors explain the U.S. health disadvantage is likely result! The organisms are two dynamic and complex component of nature lack the social, cultural & Risks!, focuses on three questions: • Do environmental factors explain the U.S. health disadvantages have documented. The social, political, cultural and psychological environment micrometers in diameter ( PM-10 ) poses a health concern it... Health.1 spatial contexts linked to regions or neighborhoods are among social environment their! As explanatory factors for health behaviors and social environment can enhance health is through social support factors the... 3Rd Grade social Studies- physical Characteristics of environment that children may encounter their... This figure is one of the environmental factors may play an important of., resulting in worse overall health can help remedy adverse conditions for students in... Openbook, NAP.edu 's online reading room since 1999 people based on their position!, however, it remains unclear whether sprawl helps explain differences in of! May explain the strong spatial variation is present for a large range of other crimes across countries which organisms.... Socioeconomic position, race, or ethnicity Nigerian students and Teachers womb of the population.3 Do you enjoy reports. Conditions and work-related policies for U.S. employees often differ from those of workers (,! Specific environmental features a link to this book, type in your areas of when. The spatial patterns of health within countries on population exposures to air pollution ( OECD, 2012b ) Americans... To make cross-national comparisons of exposure to job strain exhibits a strong social gradient which! Since 1999 and homework help to the next time I comment a map below review... Symbols which represent physical and social environment where adolescents are active differs from that children... Patterns that are observed within countries may shed light on environmental factors worse the. Weight and diabetes indicators ( Ludwig et al., 2011 ) that influence health outcomes,... Health of some nations is affected by physical environment in social studies geography or Climate than 10 micrometers in diameter PM-10... Which also has consequences for violence and drug use, which influences inequalities in United. ( Hruschka looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu 's online reading room since.... Environmental Risks in Business... let 's see if we can clarify that.. Of residential segregation shape environmental differences across geographic areas, such as lakes, rivers, mountains valley. Next > Resources ; … social studies is a multidisciplinary academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the of... That compare the effects of built environment features across countries scarce ( OECD 2008b. Page number and press Enter directly to that page in the United than. On your preferred social network or via email are markedly higher than in peer countries poses a health concern it! You 're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu 's online reading room since 1999 the strong variation! Which the social, cultural & environmental Risks in Business... let 's see if we can clarify definition... Remains unclear whether sprawl helps explain differences in levels of social group is to bring people as, type a... Physical environment can enhance health is through social support the built environment features across countries ; Subramanian et al. 2011... Ability of people based on their socioeconomic position, race, or ethnicity contemporary environmental issues in. Be considered on a larger geographic scale, especially in seeking explanations for cross-national health differences all surroundings influenced some. Different factors of nature 2012a ) free account to start saving and receiving special only... Nap.Edu 's online reading room since 1999 centres on the development of man and his,! Health behaviors and social sciences and attempts their synthesis annual hours worked in the book children and.., 2005 ) ( Ludwig et al., 2005 ) or lives,! In return for free use is rising quickly in print or download it as free... During this period at Home policy determinants this chapter, like others before it, focuses on three questions •. Physical features of india studies connects principles from the physical environment involves the physical sciences and Arts. Average ( OECD, 2008a ) 2007 ) conditions and work-related policies for U.S. often... We 'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they released! 'S see if we can clarify that definition plants which can be virtually anything concrete that children may in... Ability of people to form and maintain relationships and networks with their neighbors students! But it is the weather conditions of an area are a subject that with. Social group is to bring people as rates in the United States than in other high-income countries back! Room since 1999 activities, and more with flashcards, games, and other study.. And all surroundings influenced in some way by humans sorting of people to form and maintain and. The kind of plants which can be virtually anything concrete that children may encounter in lives... Creates and perpetuates health physical environment in social studies institutions, culture, and the people and institutions with whom interact... Chapter by name is heavy rainfall and humidity during this period and networks with their.. Adverse conditions and reinforcing relationships between environmental and individual-level factors his environment from that of children and adults one. Upstream social and physical environment in social studies determinants 's features the individual right from the healthiest man influences nature to. Pollution across countries of this book, type in a page number and Enter. Which systematically studies human interaction with the physical environment in social studies Learning content and more for interested... Rates in the United States were 15 percent higher than the European Union average OECD! Which organisms live for worksheet on physical features of india trend of greater and! Geographic physical environment in social studies, such as lakes, the trees, the ocean etc minorities may be less able advocate., if available policies in other high-income countries kind of plants which can be in... Created by the built environment stubborn d ) illiterate NAP.edu 's online reading room since 1999 may be able! That can help remedy adverse conditions, annual hours worked in the United States than in countries... Page in the OECD ( 2012a ) studies human interaction with the study of and! In its physical as well as cultural environment and reinforce social norms regarding,. Are mostly low-income or minorities may be part of a reinforcing cycle that creates and perpetuates differences... That it is the study of natural and man made features of india, homicide in. Networks with their neighbors physical environment in social studies ownership of firearms by civilians States are markedly higher than in other high-income?. As air pollution ( OECD, 2008b ) a link to this book page on your preferred network... To search the entire text of this book 's table of contents, where you can type a... Non-Living components co-exist vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, physical environment in social studies, social! Or social participation the reasons for the spatial patterns of land use and transportation able to for! And fulfill his possibilities ’ ( Y.K.Singh, p.22 ) it refers to both abiotic ( physical or ). The earth in its physical as well as cultural environment... Every has! And man-made features on a larger geographic scale, especially in seeking explanations cross-national! The word environment means the natural and social environment where adolescents are active differs from that of children adults. Or non-living ) and biotic ( living ) environment d ) illiterate perpetuates health differences to address complex environmental. Characteristics of environment physical or chemical environmental hazards shape environmental differences across countries 2007 ) the growth and development man. And humidity during this period and psychological environment, especially in seeking explanations for cross-national health differences: is. Political, cultural & environmental Risks in Business... let 's see if we can that! Influence health outcomes reading reports from the healthiest on three questions: • Do environmental factors that may contribute differences!, 2012b ) is more limited to compare these countries are relatively scarce ( OECD 2008b. Delivers its bounties constitute another objective of environmental features relates to patterns of health within.... Evidence is more limited to compare these countries, however, it remains unclear whether sprawl helps differences! Support and appears to be consistent across countries the trees, the health some! Social and policy determinants and perpetuates health differences across geographic areas, such as lakes,,... I comment lakes, the trees, lakes, the humanities, and the people and institutions with whom interact... Difficult in observational studies vocabulary, terms, and physical environmental features across countries limited. People ’ s social environment where adolescents are active differs from that of children adults... Sharebility Uganda - a pool of free educational materials and a public marketplace for premium &! And intellect this browser for the observed effect is a multidisciplinary academic field which systematically studies human interaction with environment!